The first phase, completed in july, 1975, recommended four mining methods for the phase ii study. Introduction of selfcontained self rescuers in south african mining industry r. Counting against underground mining are the costs, which, for each ton of material mined, are much higher underground than on the. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. After the ore body has been delineated and defined, a company may make several feasibility studies to determine the best way to mine the ore.
More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of support, block and panel caving, and. Nov 02, 2011 underground mining, underground mining methods. It consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. Mining hearing loss prevention workshop june 2122, 2005 pittsburgh research laboratory. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision. Otherwise, bitarafan and ataei 2004 have used different fuzzy methods as an innovative tool for criteria aggregation in mining decision problems. When any ore body lies a considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and underground techniques must be considered. Surface and underground coal mining are broad activities that incorporate numerous variations in equipment and methods, and the choice of which method to use in extracting a coal seam depends on many technological, economic, and social factors. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Its wise for an investor to understand both the basic workings for an underground mine and the risks associated with underground mining. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Underground mining method selection by decision making.
Selections from underground mining methods handbook by gertsch et al at over 30 bookstores. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. A coal mining method that accounts for less than 1% of deep coal production. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. In general underground mining occurs in horizontal tunnels with access to the surface via large vertical shafts.
Bullock, richard lee, 1929 society for mining, metallurgy, and exploration u. The panels are the working sections of the production operation. Our innovative and rigorous methodology maximizes your projects economic benefits. International symposium on underground mining methods and technology page v download pdf. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals excluding petroleum and natural gas in the united states, including 98% of metallic ores.
Optimising underground mining strategies srk exploration. This handbook describes effective methods for the control of methane gas in mines and tunnels. In this selection some of the parameters such as geological and geotechnical properties, economic parameters and geographical factors are involved. More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of support, block and panel caving, and sublevel caving make up this comprehensive text. Room and pillar mining is a style of mining where tunnels are driven in a chess board pattern with massive square pillars between them which are gradually cut. Underground mining systems mine 205 a required course for b. Underground mining method selection by decision making tools, tunnelling and underground space technology, vol. Optimising underground mining strategies a m ebbels. This book contains highquality papers from the principal mining research institutes of the usa, united kingdom, india and south africa, thus providing uptodate coverage of underground mining and technology in the main mining areas of the world.
The most important factors influencing the method selection are geological. This is due primarily to the difference in productivity between the two methods. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee method. Underground mining methods vary according to the site conditions, but all involve the removal of seams followed by more or. Underground mining methods and equipment for bedded deposits and ore bodies.
This handbook is intended for local or regional players in the post mining area and for mine operator. Surface and underground mining methods are briefly depicted in chapter 4. An automatic fire detection system for underground air recirculation schemes r. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Techniques in underground mining selections from underground mining methods handbook techniques in underground mining selections from underground mining methods handbook. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision making tools by m. Their special effort is a sign of the importance we attach to. Find 9780873351638 techniques in underground mining. Sme mining engineering handbook, society for mining, metallurgy. The polish copper mines description is based upon the book by piestrzynski ed. Recommended ventilation techniques to be used in coal mines which are subjected to the adverse mining conditions of mine fires. Chapter 11 mining technology the federal coal leasing amendments act of 1976 charged ota to assess the feasibility of the use of deep mining technology on leased areas. At this stage, the selection is preliminary, serving only as the basis.
The actual difference between surface and underground mining. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee. The selection of underground mining methods is primarily based on the geologicalspatial. Mining method classification systems, sme mining engineering handbook, society. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. A comprehensive handbook on mining engineering, including. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Block cave mining allows very little freedom in change once the layout in complete or virtually once the design has. Hardrock mining techniquesunderground minesminings method. Abstract underground mine scheduling decisionmaking has been based on production requirements, equipment. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. The revenue from the sale of the ore keeps the venture going and finances further development.
Society for mining, metallurgy, and exploration, inc. Thompsonintroduction until near the end of the investigation, and then considered asthe purpose of a classification system for mining methods is modifying factors. Mine waste management mining and money a future of mining. Jan 27, 2014 undergrounds mining is still, even after hundreds of years of safety improvements, a dangerous and expensive business. Drill and blast mining methods permit a degree of flexibility during the course of mining and allow for changes in techniques with technical improvements in equipment and blasting techniques. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Hustulid, editor society of mining engineers 1982 1794 pages. The various methods of mining a coal seam can be classified under two headings, surface mining and underground mining. Handbook to best practices for mine shafts protection. In most underground mining methods, deep vertical tunnels called shafts are drilled into the ground, along with a set of horizontal tunnels called drifts from the shaft bottom to access the ore. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. The most common geographical layout for these ores consists of laterally extensive beds in a nearly horizontal inclination but with, at most, a shallow dip angle 25.
Underground mining methods glossary bolting drilling a hole, and inserting a bolt to strengthen the ceiling and walls of an underground mine crusher a machine used to crush ore before it is transported drift a horizontal underground tunnel that follows a vein or ore body. An underground mine consists of the portals entrance and exits to the mines, mains, submains, panels, and working faces. Hamrin 1986 defines underground mining as a technique of recovering minerals from deposits below the earths surface. Underground mining, stoping method after anon, 1983a mine exploitation. Underground mining is nearly always more costly than surface mining. Recommended ventilation techniques to be used in coal mines which are subjected to the adverse mining conditions of mine fires r. Npi emission estimation technique manual for mining. This book consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. Underground coal mining methods and engineering dust controls. Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel. Underground mining method selection is one of the most important decisions that mining engineers have to make. Techniques in underground mining selections from underground mining methods handbook, richard e. In open pit mining, thick seams tens of meters are mined by traditional quarrying techniques.
Our main ambition with this book is to stimulate technical. Sme mining engineering handbook 3rd edition knovel. It distills the body of knowledge that characterizes mining engineering as a disciplinary field and has subsequently helped to inspire and inform generations of mining. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Then, longwall and continuous miners break up the ore deposit, which is transported back to the surface by conveyors.
Underground mining methods and applications longhole drilling and blasting stope drill rill ccess 2 figure 1. Longwall mining is a highly mechaniz ed underground mining sys tem for mining coal. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are too great to commence a surface operation. This paper was first presented at project evaluation conference, adelaide, south australia on 89 march 2016. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. Using tons per manshift as a measure of productivity. As such, geology is a vital factor in the correct selection of mining method and. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions.
Underground mining techniques and risks geology for investors. Selections from underground mining methods handbook. Also, alpay and yavuz 2009 have suggested a combination of ahp and fuzzy logic methods for underground mining method selection. Depending on the mining method, a working section can have one or more working faces. Avoiding noise overexposure at underground and surface coal mines, preparation plants and surface drilling eric r. Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Underground mining methods while most mineral deposits can be mined by either surface or underground methods, some minerals can only be recovered in a hybrid manner, usually by initial extracted by open pit mining, followed by underground methods. In underground mining, locomotives and loadhauldump lhd are the most common light duty mining methods to advance and prepare the mining. Ataei synopsis mining method selection is the first and most important problem in mine design. Solution mining includes both borehole mining, such as the methods used to extrac t sodium chloride or sulfur, and leaching, either through drillholes or in dumps or heap s on the surface. The topics open pit mining underground mining mining equipment mining operations mining methods 3. The main activities carried out at underground coal mines that could lead to emissions to air. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Choosing a suitable underground mining method to extract a mineral deposit is very important in terms of economics, safety and productivity of mining operations.
We have extensive global underground mine engineering and operating experience across most major commodities and mining methods. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to. Underground mining hard rock underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals such as those containing metals like gold, copper, zinc, nickel and lead or gems such as diamonds. Underground mining methods previous next the choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1.
This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types. Underground mining methods and technology sciencedirect. In contrast soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as coal, or oil sands. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. The first chapter covers facts about methane important to mine safety, such as the explosibility of gas mixtures.
Important indicators of underground mining, such as net efficiency production, excavation cost, ore losses, ore dilution and the final financial effects depend on selected and applied mining method. With the passage of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977 congressional interest in the study of deep underground mining technology shifted. It consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard. Pdf underground mining techniques universidade ct ufrgs br laprom underground mining methods pdf. Coal, shales, potash, salt and trona encompass the majority of soft rock ores. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Avoiding noise overexposure at underground and surface. Selections from underground mining methods handbook author.
The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. Underground mining has a lower ground footprint than open pit mining. Underground mining method selection by decision making tools. Underground mining methods and applications figure 1 3 post roomandpillar mining mined out numbers indicate sequence of extraction figure 1 4 steproom mining of. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are too great. It set of longwall mining equipment consists of a coal shear er mounted on convey or operating.
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